• Viral diseases (e.g. HIV, HPV, EBV, Dengue, Japanese Encephalitis, West Nile Virus, Ross River fever, Chikungunya)
  • Parasite diseases including Malaria, Hydatid disease, Leishmaniasis, Schistosomiasis
  • Vector-borne diseases and interaction of infectious disease agents with vectors
  • Emergence of microbial infections (HIV, H1N1, H5N1, SARS, epidemic meningococcal diseases, group A streptococci serotype M1T1).

  • Development of antimicrobial resistance (extensively drug resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis [XDR-TB], methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus [MRSA], extended spectrum β-lactamase resistant Gram negative-pathogens, XDR-Acinetobacter, vancomycin-resistant enterococci, Psudomonas aeruginosa etc).
  • The polymicrobial nature of infectious diseases whereby, for instance, viruses facilitate bacterial infections.
  • Host-pathogen communication and signaling.